PM10 / PM2.5 Particulate Matter
Particulate-matter emissions from marine engines. Mass scales roughly linearly with fuel sulphur; residual fuels produce ~10× more PM than LNG.
PM factor
0.875g/kWh
Annual PM
42.02t
Essentially all PM from shipping is below 2.5 µm.
Formula, assumptions, and limits
PM (g/kWh) = base + 1.37 × sulphur% base: 0.23 (SSD), 0.30 (MSD), 0.20 (HSD), 0.02 (LNG) Annual PM (t) = Power × Hours × PM / 1e6
Roughly 90–95 % of marine PM is PM2.5. LNG engines produce almost no PM because they burn gas cleanly; the residual 0.02 g/kWh is mostly lube-oil carryover.