Berthing Energy - Fender Impact
Berthing kinetic energy absorbed by fender - the sizing formula for pier fender selection per PIANC WG33.
Berthing energy
506kJ
Formula, assumptions, and limits
$$E = \tfrac{1}{2} \Delta v^2 \cdot C_M \cdot C_E \cdot C_C \cdot C_S$$
PIANC WG33 factors. Typical approach 0.1–0.2 m/s. VLCC 0.06 m/s. Panamax container 0.15 m/s. Select fender such that E_rated ≥ 1.5 × E_berth.
Symbol legend
| Symbol | Meaning | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| $\Delta$ | Displacement (including added mass) | t | hydrostatics |
| $v$ | Approach velocity | m/s | berthing procedure |
| $C_M$ | Hydrodynamic added-mass factor | - | PIANC WG33 |
| $C_E$ | Eccentricity factor | - | PIANC WG33 |
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