Holtrop - Appendage Resistance
Appendage resistance R_APP from Holtrop-Mennen method - typically 3–8 % of bare-hull resistance for merchant ships with bilge keels, rudder, shaft brackets.
Appendage resistance
160.0kN
Formula, assumptions, and limits
Holtrop's (1+k_2) is the equivalent form factor including appendages; subtract 1 to isolate appendage contribution. Most VLCC single-screw ships sit at (1+k_2) ≈ 1.5.
Symbol legend
| Symbol | Meaning | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bare-hull frictional resistance | kN | ITTC 1957 + hull area | |
| Appendage form factor | - | Holtrop Table |