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EU MRV Regulation 2015/757

Regulation (EU) 2015/757, the EU Maritime MRV Regulation, is the European Union legal instrument requiring all ships of 5,000 GT and above calling at any port in the European Economic Area to monitor, report and have independently verified their CO₂ emissions on a per-voyage basis. Adopted on 29 April 2015 and entering into force in stages from 2017 (Monitoring Plan submission) through 2018 (first reporting year) to 2019 (first verified emissions report and the launch of the public THETIS-MRV database operated by the European Maritime Safety Agency, EMSA), the regulation pre-dates the parallel global IMO Data Collection System by approximately two years and provides the data infrastructure that since 1 January 2024 underpins the EU ETS Maritime regime. The 2023 amendments under Regulation (EU) 2023/957 expanded the scope to include offshore vessels of 5,000 GT and above from 2025 and added methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) reporting from 1 January 2026, with the relevant per-ship CH₄ and N₂O data flowing directly into the EU ETS Maritime allowance calculation. Compliance is enforced by a per-ship Document of Compliance (DoC), issued by an accredited verifier following audit of the ship’s annual emissions report and required for any EU port call from 30 June of each year until the next renewal; ships without a valid DoC may be detained or, in extreme cases, banned from calling at EU ports. The regulation operates on a per-voyage basis distinct from the IMO DCS annual aggregate: data points include CO₂ from intra-EU voyages, CO₂ from voyages between EU ports and non-EU ports (50% allocation factor applies for ETS purposes), distance, time at sea, time at berth, cargo carried and the resulting Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI). ShipCalculators.com hosts the principal computational tools: the EU MRV emissions calculator implements the per-voyage emissions calculation; the new EU MRV to EU ETS allowance crosswalk calculator bridges the MRV emissions data directly to the EU ETS allowance obligation under the phase-in trajectory; supporting calculators include the MARPOL EU ETS cost calculator, the MARPOL FuelEU penalty calculator and the IMO DCS report calculator for cross-comparison. A full listing is available in the calculator catalogue.

Contents

Background and history

Pre-2015 EU emissions monitoring efforts

The European Union’s interest in maritime CO₂ emissions monitoring dates from the mid-2000s, when the European Environment Agency (EEA) began publishing the Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Inventory including a maritime-bunker emissions chapter based on fuel-sales data. The fuel-sales approach was widely recognised as imprecise (it captured fuel sold in EU bunker ports but not where the fuel was burned) and could not support a per-ship regulatory regime.

The 2008 European Climate Change Programme commissioned a study on the feasibility of mandatory ship emissions reporting; the resulting CE Delft and Lloyd’s Register reports concluded that a regulation requiring per-voyage data with verifier audit was both technically and politically feasible. The European Commission published a White Paper in 2011 setting out a 40% reduction target for transport CO₂ by 2050 (against 1990) and committing to a maritime MRV regulation as the prerequisite for any future emissions-pricing instrument.

Regulation 2015/757 adoption

Following a Commission proposal in June 2013 (COM(2013) 480 final) and inter-institutional negotiation through 2013 to 2015, Regulation (EU) 2015/757 was adopted by the European Parliament and Council on 29 April 2015 and published in the Official Journal on 19 May 2015. The regulation entered into force on 1 July 2015 with a staged operational timeline:

  • By 31 August 2017: shipping companies must submit a per-ship Monitoring Plan to an accredited verifier.
  • From 1 January 2018: first calendar-year reporting period.
  • By 30 April 2019: first verified emissions report submitted to the Commission and the flag State.
  • By 30 June 2019: first Document of Compliance issued.
  • From 30 June 2019: a valid DoC must be available on board for any EU port call.
  • 30 June 2019: launch of the public THETIS-MRV database with per-ship 2018 data.

The regulation is the first regional MRV regime for any international transport sector and pre-dates the IMO Data Collection System (which entered into force in 2018 with reporting from 2019) by approximately two years. The regulation also pre-dates the IMO 2020 sulphur cap and the IMO Net-Zero Framework but operates in technical alignment with both.

Original MRV implementation 2018 to 2023

The first reporting year (2018) covered approximately 11,000 ships of all flags calling at EU ports, of which approximately 9,500 had Monitoring Plans in place by the 31 August 2017 deadline. The first verified emissions reports were submitted by 30 April 2019, with approximately 92% of the obligated fleet meeting the deadline; the remaining 8% were managed through a combination of administrative penalties and voluntary catch-up.

The first THETIS-MRV release on 30 June 2019 published per-ship CO₂ data for 2018 covering:

  • 138 million tonnes of CO₂ total on EU MRV scope.
  • Approximately 75% intra-EU voyages, 25% extra-EU.
  • 2,160 g CO₂ per nautical mile average for container ships, 1,820 g/nm for bulk carriers, 2,540 g/nm for tankers.
  • Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) values per ship.

The data was used by industry groups, NGOs and academic researchers to benchmark fleet performance and to identify outliers. The Transport & Environment NGO published an annual EU Maritime CO₂ Report highlighting the worst-performing ships per category; the publication contributed to commercial pressure on charterers and shippers to prefer better-performing vessels.

The 2023 amendments aligning with EU ETS Maritime

The 2023 climate package amending the EU ETS to include maritime emissions (Directive (EU) 2023/959) was adopted in parallel with Regulation (EU) 2023/957 amending the MRV regulation to:

  • Expand the scope to include offshore vessels of 5,000 GT and above from 1 January 2025 (previously offshore vessels were excluded).
  • Add methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) reporting from 1 January 2026, using the GWP100 metric (28 for CH₄, 273 for N₂O) to convert to CO₂-equivalent.
  • Lower the threshold from 5,000 GT to 400 GT for general cargo and offshore ships from 1 January 2025 (subject to certain operational criteria).
  • Standardise methodology with the IMO LCA Guidelines for fuel pathway intensity (Resolution MEPC.376(80) and MEPC.391(82); see the IMO GHG Strategy article).
  • Integrate with EU ETS Maritime as the underlying data infrastructure: the per-ship MRV emissions report directly informs the ship’s allowance surrender obligation under the ETS, with no separate ETS-specific reporting required.

The combined effect: from 2024 the MRV regulation is no longer a standalone regional reporting regime but the operational backbone of EU climate regulation for shipping. Every ship calling at an EU port must report under MRV; the data feeds directly into the EU ETS Maritime surrender calculation; the same data is published in the THETIS-MRV public database; and the same data informs the parallel FuelEU Maritime intensity check.

Scope and applicability

Ships covered

Regulation 2015/757 applies to ships of 5,000 GT and above (lowered to 400 GT for general cargo and offshore vessels from 2025) regardless of flag, when calling at any port in the European Economic Area (EEA, comprising the 27 EU Member States plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). The EEA scope includes the territorial waters and ports of:

  • All 27 EU Member States, including their outermost regions (Azores, Madeira, Canaries, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion, Saint-Martin).
  • Norway (including Svalbard, with specific carve-outs for the Polar regime).
  • Iceland.
  • Liechtenstein (no coastline, irrelevant in practice).

Switzerland is NOT in the EEA and is therefore outside the MRV scope, although Swiss-flagged ships are subject to the regulation when calling at EEA ports.

Voyage scope

The regulation defines four voyage categories:

Voyage typeDepartureArrivalMRV scopeEU ETS scope (2024+)
Intra-EUEEA portEEA port100%100%
OutboundEEA portnon-EEA port100%50%
Inboundnon-EEA portEEA port100%50%
At berth in EEA(port operations)n/a100%100%
Extra-EUnon-EEA portnon-EEA port0% (out of scope)0%

The 50% allocation factor for outbound and inbound voyages is the EU’s recognition that approximately half of any cross-jurisdiction voyage occurs outside EU waters; this factor applies in the EU ETS calculation (and from 2026 in the FuelEU Maritime calculation), but the full 100% emissions are reported under MRV for transparency.

The EU MRV emissions calculator implements the voyage-by-voyage calculation; the new EU MRV to EU ETS allowance crosswalk calculator applies the 50% factor and the phase-in trajectory to bridge from MRV emissions to ETS allowance obligation.

Sectoral exclusions

Several ship categories are explicitly excluded from the MRV regulation:

  • Warships, naval auxiliaries and other vessels engaged on government non-commercial service.
  • Fishing vessels and fish-processing vessels (regulated under separate EU instruments).
  • Wooden ships of primitive build (a hangover from the 1969 SOLAS exemption category).
  • Ships not propelled by mechanical means (sailing yachts in commercial trade are typically too small to meet the 5,000 GT threshold anyway).
  • Pleasure yachts of less than 5,000 GT used exclusively for non-commercial purposes.

Inclusion of fishing vessels has been discussed at MEPC and at the EU level since 2020 but no proposal has been formally tabled as of 2026.

EEA expansion

The EEA itself can be expanded by accession; future expansions would automatically expand the MRV scope. Pending and recent membership-related changes:

  • United Kingdom: left the EU on 31 January 2020. UK ports are now non-EEA. UK-flagged ships continue to be subject to MRV when calling at EEA ports. The UK has implemented its own UK ETS for maritime (consultation completed 2024, expected operational 2027).
  • Albania: candidate state (since 2022). EEA accession would expand MRV scope to Adriatic ports.
  • Ukraine, Moldova, Serbia: candidate states. Black Sea expansion possible long term.

The Monitoring Plan

Annex II content requirements

Every ship subject to the MRV regulation must have a Monitoring Plan (MP) approved by an accredited verifier before the start of its first reporting period. The MP is a comprehensive ship-specific document set out in Annex II of the regulation, structured as follows:

  • Part A. Identification and shipping company: ship particulars (IMO number, name, type, flag, deadweight, gross tonnage), shipping company name and contact details, designated person ashore (DPA).
  • Part B. Description of methods used to monitor fuel consumption: one of the four IMO-prescribed methods (BDN reconciliation, flow meter, bunker tank monitoring, engine fuel rack indication) per fuel tank or fuel category.
  • Part C. List of activities, processes and emission sources: main and auxiliary engines, boilers, inert gas generators, incinerators, gas turbines, etc.
  • Part D. Methods used to determine cargo carried: applicable methods per ship type (volume-based for tankers, mass-based for bulk carriers, count-based for container ships, lane-metres for ro-ro, passengers for passenger ships).
  • Part E. Procedures for monitoring fuel quality: BDN integrity, fuel sample retention.
  • Part F. Quality assurance procedures: cross-checks, verifications, deviation handling.
  • Part G. Procedures for keeping records: 5-year retention for MRV; alignment with IMO DCS records.
  • Part H. Risks and uncertainty assessment: each fuel-measurement method’s uncertainty, propagation to overall annual CO₂.

The MP is approved by the verifier using the EMSA-published template (the standard MP form is available on the EMSA website and is universally adopted across the industry). Approval typically takes 30 to 90 days from submission to issuance.

Submission and approval

The MP is submitted to a verifier accredited under the EU’s Conformity Assessment Bodies framework. The verifier:

  1. Reviews the MP against Annex II.
  2. Issues approval or revision request.
  3. Records the approved MP in the EMSA-operated central database.

Once approved, the MP is operational from the first day of the next reporting period. Updates to the MP are required if the ship undergoes changes affecting the monitoring methodology (e.g. installation of a flow meter, change in fuel type, change in cargo measurement method).

Updates triggered by ship/operational changes

The MP must be updated within 3 months of any of the following events:

  • Change of shipping company or designated person ashore.
  • Change of fuel monitoring method.
  • Change of cargo measurement method.
  • Change of ship type (e.g. tanker conversion to FPSO).
  • Major modification to the ship’s main engines or auxiliary machinery.
  • Change of flag (the MP travels with the ship; the new flag administration is notified).

Failure to update the MP after a triggering event is a regulatory breach with administrative penalty; the verifier may also issue a “with reservations” verification opinion citing the outdated MP.

Reporting cycle

Calendar-year basis and submission deadline

The MRV reporting period is the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). The annual emissions report must be submitted to the Commission and the flag State by 30 April of the following year. The shipping company must:

  1. Compile the per-voyage data from on-board records.
  2. Pre-verify internally against the Monitoring Plan.
  3. Submit to the verifier for independent verification.
  4. Submit the verified report to the Commission and flag State by 30 April.
  5. Display the verified data in the EMSA THETIS-MRV public database.

The 30 April deadline allows the Commission and Member States to compile aggregate statistics and publish the annual EU Maritime Transport Emissions Report by 30 June of each year.

Verifier engagement timeline

The typical timeline for the verifier engagement is:

  • January to February: shipping company finalises internal data compilation.
  • February to March: verifier engagement; document and on-site/remote audit.
  • March to mid-April: verification opinion finalised.
  • By 30 April: verified report submitted.

The verifier audit covers approximately 5% of the ship’s voyages by sample, reviews on-board records (engine logbook, deck logbook, BDN, IMO DCS report cross-check), and may conduct remote or in-person audits depending on data integrity assessment. The audit fee is typically EUR 5,000 to EUR 25,000 per ship per year, depending on ship size, voyage count and audit complexity.

THETIS-MRV public database

The EMSA-operated THETIS-MRV database (https://mrv.emsa.europa.eu) publishes the verified annual emissions report for every ship subject to MRV. Per-ship data published includes:

  • Ship particulars (IMO number, name, type, flag, ice class, technical efficiency design value).
  • Total annual CO₂ on MRV scope (intra-EU, outbound, inbound, at berth subtotals).
  • Total fuel consumption by fuel type.
  • Distance travelled (intra-EU and other).
  • Hours under way and hours at berth.
  • Cargo carried (in ship-type-specific units).
  • Energy efficiency metrics (EEOI, gCO₂/dwt·nm or equivalent).
  • Verifier opinion (positive, with reservations, negative).

Publication is per-ship and publicly accessible without registration, distinguishing it from the IMO DCS which publishes only anonymised aggregate data.

The annual EMSA report (published 30 June each year) provides EU-aggregate statistics and trend analysis; the 2024 report (covering 2023 data) showed total EU MRV scope CO₂ of 134.2 Mt, a 4.7% reduction vs 2018, driven by slow steaming and the early adoption of LNG dual-fuel on a small but growing share of the fleet.

Independent verification

Accredited verifiers

Verification is performed by Conformity Assessment Bodies accredited by national accreditation bodies operating under Regulation (EC) 770/2008. The principal accredited verifiers in the EU MRV market (2025) are:

  • DNV (Norwegian-flag-state Recognised Organisation, also a major MRV verifier)
  • Lloyd’s Register (UK; also a major Recognised Organisation; remained accredited post-Brexit through cross-recognition)
  • Bureau Veritas (France; major Recognised Organisation)
  • ABS (American Bureau of Shipping; accredited via UK accreditation body)
  • ClassNK (Japan; accredited via Norwegian accreditation body)
  • RINA (Italy)
  • TÜV SÜD (Germany; also a notified body for EU machinery directives)
  • Verifavia (independent specialist verifier)

The verifiers are listed in the EMSA Maritime MRV Verifiers register and are subject to periodic re-accreditation (every 4 years) plus annual surveillance audits. The accreditation register is public and available at https://verifiers.emsa.europa.eu.

Verification opinion levels

The verifier issues one of three opinion levels in the verification report:

  • Positive (clean opinion): the emissions report is, to the best of the verifier’s knowledge, accurate within the materiality threshold (5% of total annual CO₂ for ships below 50,000 t CO₂; 2% for larger emitters).
  • Positive with reservations: the report is broadly accurate but contains specific issues (e.g. one fuel type uncertain, MP outdated); the reservations are listed in the report and must be addressed by the shipping company within the next reporting cycle.
  • Negative (adverse opinion): the report cannot be verified due to material inaccuracy or missing data; the ship may not receive a Document of Compliance until a corrected report is submitted and re-verified.

The verifier opinion is published in the THETIS-MRV record. A negative opinion is rare (<0.5% of all 2023 reports) but commercially significant: charterers and cargo owners increasingly screen ships by verifier opinion, and a negative opinion can affect commercial bookings.

Document of Compliance (DoC)

Following a positive or positive-with-reservations verification opinion, the verifier issues a Document of Compliance (DoC) in the EMSA-prescribed format. The DoC:

  • Is issued by 30 June of the year following the reporting year.
  • Is valid for 18 months (i.e. for the period 30 June year N+1 to 31 December year N+2, or until the next DoC is issued).
  • Must be available on board at all times during EU port calls from 30 June year N+1.
  • Is verified by port state control inspectors during EU port calls.

A ship without a valid DoC may be detained by port state control until a DoC is obtained; in extreme cases (e.g. third consecutive failure), the Member State may issue a banning order preventing the ship from calling at any port in that Member State.

Data reported per voyage

The MRV regulation requires per-voyage reporting on the following data points, with annual aggregation for the formal report:

Data pointUnitMethod
CO₂ emissions per voyagetonnes CO₂Σ (m_fuel × Cf) per fuel type per voyage
CH₄ emissions per voyage (from 2026)tonnes CH₄dual-fuel methane slip; from 2026 explicitly required
N₂O emissions per voyage (from 2026)tonnes N₂Ofrom ammonia-engine slip and high-N fuel combustion
Distance travelled per voyagenautical milesfrom voyage records or AIS-derived
Time at sea per voyagehoursfrom departure to arrival at next port
Time at berth per voyagehoursfrom arrival to departure at port
Cargo carried per voyagetype-specifictonnes (bulk), TEU (container), lane-m (ro-ro), passengers (cruise/ferry)
EEOI per voyageg CO₂ / (cargo-unit · nm)calculated from above
Per-ship annual aggregatevarioussum of the above
Fuel oil qualitysulphur %from BDN
Per-fuel-type annual masstonnessum of voyage-level fuel data

The voyage-level granularity distinguishes MRV from IMO DCS (which reports annual totals only). The voyage-level data supports the EU ETS Maritime allocation between intra-EU and extra-EU emissions, and the FuelEU Maritime intensity calculation per voyage.

EU ETS Maritime integration

MRV as the data infrastructure

From 1 January 2024, the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) Maritime regime applies to maritime CO₂ emissions, using the MRV-reported data as the operative input. The architecture is:

  • MRV report (verified annual emissions report) → EU ETS allowance surrender obligation (calculated from MRV data + scope factor + phase-in factor) → EUA surrender by 30 September of the following year.

The 2023 amendments to the MRV regulation specifically aligned the data points with the EU ETS calculation: the MRV report now includes scope-allocation flags (intra-EU vs outbound vs inbound vs at-berth) so the ETS calculation is automated. No separate ETS-specific reporting is required.

The EU MRV to EU ETS allowance crosswalk calculator implements the bridge from MRV emissions data to the EU ETS allowance obligation, including the 50% factor for outbound/inbound voyages and the phase-in factor (40% in 2025, 70% in 2026, 100% in 2027 onwards).

Phase-in trajectory

The EU ETS Maritime applies on a phase-in basis:

YearPhase-in factor (CO₂)Phase-in factor (CH₄/N₂O)
202440%0% (CH₄/N₂O not yet in scope)
202570%0%
2026100%100% (CH₄/N₂O added)
2027 onwards100%100%

The phase-in factor is applied to the MRV-reported emissions in the allowance calculation. A ship reporting 10,000 tonnes CO₂ on intra-EU voyages in 2025 surrenders 7,000 EUAs (10,000 × 70%); in 2026 it would surrender 10,000 EUAs.

The MARPOL EU ETS cost calculator implements the cost calculation at a user-set EUA price.

Methane and N₂O addition (2026)

From 1 January 2026, methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions are added to the MRV regulation and the EU ETS Maritime:

  • CH₄: principally from LNG dual-fuel engines in Otto cycle (methane slip). The methane slip calculator and methane slip CO₂-equivalent calculator implement the calculations.
  • N₂O: principally from ammonia engines (when ammonia is adopted at scale, expected from late 2020s). Currently a minor contribution from conventional diesel engines.

The CH₄ and N₂O emissions are converted to CO₂-equivalent using the GWP100 metric (28 for CH₄, 273 for N₂O) and added to the CO₂ scope for ETS surrender purposes.

Comparison with IMO DCS

DimensionEU MRVIMO DCS
Adopted20152016
In force2018 (first reporting year)2019 (first reporting year)
Threshold5,000 GT (400 GT for some types from 2025)5,000 GT
ScopePer-voyage; intra-EU + 100% extra-EU (50% for ETS)Annual aggregate; worldwide
VerifierIndependent accredited verifier (mandatory third-party)Flag administration (no third-party requirement)
DisclosurePer-ship public (THETIS-MRV)Anonymised aggregate (IMO Fuel Oil Consumption Report)
Reporting deadline30 April31 March
DoC validity18 months30 months (Statement of Compliance)
Coverage of CH₄ / N₂OFrom 2026Not yet (under negotiation for Net-Zero Framework)
SanctionDetention, banningFlag-administration sanction
Integration with carbon pricingDirect (EU ETS Maritime + FuelEU Maritime)Indirect (basis for IMO Net-Zero Framework from 2027)

The two regimes operate in parallel: most ships subject to MRV are also subject to IMO DCS, and operators typically maintain a single internal data system that satisfies both reporting requirements. The MRV is more rigorous (per-voyage, third-party verified, per-ship public) and is therefore the more significant compliance burden.

The IMO DCS vs EU MRV comparison article provides a detailed walk-through of the methodological differences.

Penalties and enforcement

Member State implementation

Each EU Member State implements the MRV regulation through national penalty regimes. Typical penalties include:

  • Administrative fine for late submission (typically EUR 5,000 to EUR 50,000 per ship per year, varying by Member State).
  • Detention of the ship at the next EU port call until the missing report is submitted.
  • Banning order preventing the ship from calling at any port of the Member State for a specified period (typically 6 months to 2 years for repeat offenders).
  • Public listing in the EMSA “non-compliant ships” register, viewable by charterers and cargo owners.

The Paris MOU includes MRV compliance verification as part of its standard inspection regime; the PSC NOx calculator implements the broader port state control inspection-targeting logic.

Enforcement statistics

The 2024 EMSA Annual MRV Report identified:

  • 96% on-time submission rate for the 2023 reporting year.
  • 0.4% negative verification opinions (approximately 50 ships of approximately 12,500 reporting).
  • 180 detentions for MRV non-compliance across 2023.
  • 6 banning orders issued (against repeat offenders).

The compliance rate has steadily improved since the 2018 first year (88% on-time submission), reflecting maturation of the verifier industry and the operational embedding of MRV into shipping company workflows.

Future outlook

The principal regulatory developments expected through 2030 are:

  • 2026 (1 January): methane and N₂O reporting becomes mandatory; full EU ETS phase-in (100%) applies.
  • 2027: 5-year review of the regulation (per Article 22 of 2015/757); possible expansion of scope or tightening of methodology.
  • 2027: parallel entry into force of the IMO Net-Zero Framework; EU MRV continues to operate alongside the IMO data infrastructure.
  • 2030: comprehensive review of EU ETS Maritime + MRV + FuelEU Maritime cluster; possible consolidation or simplification.
  • 2030+: possible inclusion of fishing vessels (currently excluded).

By 2030 the MRV regulation is expected to remain the operational backbone of EU climate regulation for shipping, with the data infrastructure underpinning the EU ETS Maritime allowance surrender, the FuelEU Maritime intensity check, and any future EU climate instruments. The integration with the IMO regimes (DCS, Net-Zero Framework) will likely deepen, with possible mutual recognition arrangements to reduce the dual-reporting burden on operators.

See also

Additional calculators:

Additional formula references:

References

  1. European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2015/757 of 29 April 2015 on the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport, and amending Directive 2009/16/EC. Official Journal L 123/55, 19 May 2015.
  2. European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2023/957 of 10 May 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 in order to provide for the inclusion of maritime transport activities in the EU ETS and for the monitoring, reporting and verification of emissions of additional greenhouse gases and emissions from additional ship types. Official Journal L 130/105, 16 May 2023.
  3. European Parliament and Council. Directive (EU) 2023/959 of 10 May 2023 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union. Official Journal L 130/134, 16 May 2023.
  4. European Commission. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/2071 of 22 September 2016 amending Regulation (EU) 2015/757 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the methods for monitoring carbon dioxide emissions and the rules for monitoring other relevant information. Official Journal L 320/1, 26 November 2016.
  5. European Commission. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1927 of 4 November 2016 on templates for monitoring plans, emissions reports and documents of compliance pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/757. Official Journal L 299/1, 5 November 2016.
  6. European Commission. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1928 of 4 November 2016 on determination of cargo carried for categories of ships other than passenger, ro-ro and container ships pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/757. Official Journal L 299/22, 5 November 2016.
  7. EMSA. EU MRV Maritime Annual Report 2024 (covering 2023 data). EMSA, Lisbon, 2024.
  8. EMSA. EU MRV Maritime Verifiers Register. EMSA, Lisbon, continuously updated. Available at https://verifiers.emsa.europa.eu.
  9. CE Delft. Implementation of EU MRV Maritime: Lessons Learned 2018 to 2023. Report for the European Commission, Delft, 2024.
  10. Transport & Environment. EU Maritime CO₂ Report 2024. T&E, Brussels, 2024.
  11. Lloyd’s Register. EU MRV Implementation Guide for Shipping Companies. Lloyd’s Register Marine, London, 2023.
  12. DNV. EU MRV and EU ETS Maritime: Compliance Pathway. DNV Maritime, Oslo, 2024.
  13. ABS. EU MRV Verification Procedures. ABS, Houston, 2024.
  14. ICCT. EU MRV: Year-Five Review. International Council on Clean Transportation, Washington, 2024.

Further reading