Water-hammer pressure rise from instantaneous valve closure. Δp = ρ · c · Δv.
Formula
$$ \Delta p = \rho \cdot c \cdot \Delta v $$
Symbol legend
| Symbol | Meaning | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| $ρ$ | Fluid density | kg/m³ | fluid property |
| $c$ | Pressure-wave speed in pipe (depends on pipe modulus) | m/s | empirical |
| $Δv$ | Abrupt velocity change | m/s | operating condition |
| $Δp$ | Peak surge pressure | Pa → bar | result |
Sources
- Joukowsky (1898).