Wind Resistance

Air-drag resistance on the above-water area, based on ITTC relative-wind coefficients. Significant on tall ro-ro, container, cruise and PCTC hulls where frontal area is huge; feeds EEDI weather factor fw and operational voyage-routing models.

DesignWind

Above-water area

Transverse projected area A_Tm²Frontal area above the waterline - container stack + superstructure.Wind drag coefficient Cx–Tanker 0.55, bulker 0.60, container laden 0.70, Ro-Pax 0.80+.

Relative wind

Relative wind speedm/sTrue wind vectorially added to ship speed. 10 m/s ≈ 20 knots apparent wind head-on.

Wind resistance R_wind

51.45kN

Formula, assumptions, and limits

Air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m³ at ISA sea-level conditions. For tank-test coefficients consult Blendermann (1994) wind-tunnel database or OCIMF's Wind & Current Force tables for tankers.