Berthing Energy (PIANC)
Kinetic energy to be absorbed by fenders: E = ½·M·v²·Cm·Ce·Cs·Cc (PIANC WG33 / BS 6349-4).
Berthing energy
380kJ
Formula, assumptions, and limits
$$E = \tfrac{1}{2} M v^2 \cdot C_m \cdot C_e \cdot C_s \cdot C_c$$
PIANC WG33 / BS 6349-4 use this to size fenders. Typical approach speed 0.10–0.15 m/s for tankers and bulkers; 0.08–0.12 for container. The factors (Cm, Ce, Cs, Cc) typically multiply to 0.5–0.9.
Symbol legend
| Symbol | Meaning | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| $M$ | Ship displacement mass | kg | loading computer |
| $v$ | Approach normal velocity | m/s | pilot observation |
| $C_m$ | Added-mass coefficient (water carried with hull) | - | Vasco Costa |
| $C_e$ | Eccentricity factor | - | berth geometry |
| $C_s$ | Fender softness factor | - | fender curve |
| $C_c$ | Berth configuration factor | - | open vs closed |
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